Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)

An international patent filing procedure that helps applicants reserve time and coordinate patent protection before entering selected national or regional phases.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is used where patent protection may be needed in several countries, but the final filing geography, budget allocation or commercial priorities are not yet fixed.

It is important to understand that the PCT does not grant an “international patent”. Instead, it simplifies the filing process and creates a coordinated international phase before national or regional offices decide whether patent protection should be granted.

Final decisions on patent grant are always made by national or regional patent offices under their own laws and procedures.

Why Use the PCT Procedure

The PCT procedure is usually chosen where international protection is planned but the final list of countries, budget allocation and commercial priorities are not yet fixed.

One Application

One international application can serve as the starting point for patent protection in multiple countries.

Deferred Costs

Major patenting costs are postponed until national or regional phase entry.

More Time for Decisions

The system gives additional time to analyse markets, evaluate the invention and choose countries strategically.

Search and Early Assessment

The applicant receives an international search report and written opinion that help assess patentability prospects.

Flexible Expansion

The route is useful where international protection is planned but the final list of countries is not yet fixed.

International Standard

The system is widely used by corporations, research institutions and technology companies.

How the PCT Procedure Works

The PCT procedure usually includes three main stages, from the first filing to continuation in selected national or regional jurisdictions.

Stage 1: First Priority Application

  • The process begins with a national or regional application, usually in the applicant’s home jurisdiction. Direct first filing to International Bureau WIPO (IB) is possible if no home jurisdiction limitation, or two or more applicants are from different jurisdictions.
  • This first application typically includes the request, description of the invention, claims, abstract and drawings where necessary.

Stage 2: International Phase

  • Within 12 months from the first filing date, the international PCT application is filed. International application may be filed and managed by qualified attorney through ePCT system electronically.
  • During this phase, an international search is carried out, an International Search Report (ISR) is prepared, and a Written Opinion (WO) is issued with a preliminary view on patentability.
  • The application is then internationally published at 18 months from the priority date.
  • Important: Optional steps may also be available at this stage, including supplementary international search and international preliminary examination.

    Important: By this stage, the applicant already gains a practical understanding of the invention’s patentability prospects and can make an informed decision on whether continuing the procedure in specific countries is commercially justified.

Stage 3: National or Regional Phase

  • At 30 months from the priority date — or 31 months in some jurisdictions — the application must enter the chosen national or regional offices. To avoid routine and expensive sending to national/regional offices certified copies of first (priority) applications, it is possible to download one copy trough first office to WIPO Depositing office ( DAS) and obtain code.
  • From that point onward, the application is examined under the laws and procedures of each selected jurisdiction, and patent grant is decided there.

Key Timeline

0 Months

First priority application is filed.

12 Months

International PCT application is filed.

16 Months

International Search Report is typically issued.

18 Months

International publication of the application takes place.

30 / 31 Months

Entry into selected national or regional phases.

When the PCT Procedure Is Usually the Right Choice

International Market Plans

Where the invention is intended for protection in several countries.

Budget Staging

Where the applicant is not ready to incur separate national filing costs immediately.

Commercial Evaluation

Where more time is needed to assess markets, investors and licensing prospects before large-scale filing.

Important Practical Points

No International Patent

PCT is a filing procedure, not a single patent right.

Deadlines Are Critical

National or regional phase entry deadlines must be monitored carefully.

Country Selection Strategy Matters

The value of the PCT procedure depends heavily on selecting the right jurisdictions for continuation.

How We Help

We support the PCT procedure from initial strategy and filing through analysis of international reports and national phase planning.

Preparation and Filing

We prepare and file the international application.

Interaction with Offices

We manage communication and procedural steps during the international phase.

Report Analysis

We analyse the international search report and written opinion.

National Phase Strategy

We help determine in which countries or regional systems the procedure should continue.

Country-by-Country Support

We coordinate continuation in selected jurisdictions through our regional and international practice.

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